Why does cardioplegia stop the heart?

Cardioplegia is an essential component of cardiopulmonary bypass and with the primary goal to reduce myocardial oxygen demand by creating electrical quiescence and cooling the heart to reduce the ischemic effects of being on bypass.

How is cardioplegia induced?

The temperature of cardioplegia ranged from 4 to 6 °C in groups and was applied during clamp off. In both groups the heart was induced by the warm blood cardioplegia (35 °C) into the line, during clamping using the cold blood cardioplegia maintaining. Also before clamp off, in Group W the warm reperfusion was applied.

What is St Thomas solution?

This cardioplegic solution (NaCl 110.0 mM, NaHCO3 10.0 mM, KCl 16.0 mM, MgCl2 16.0 mM, CaCl2 1.2 mM, pH 7.8) is designed for routine clinical use combining optimal protection with simplicity of formulation and administration/infusion.

How often is cardioplegia given?

Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Retrograde cardioplegia is used routinely in many institutions by infusion into the coronary sinus with backward filling of the cardiac veins. Most commonly, cold cardioplegia at 4° C is administered intermittently in 15- to 20-minute intervals.

How does Custodiol cardioplegia work?

Custodiol® solution, also called histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) or Bretschneider’s solution, is a particular kind of long-acting intracellular crystalloid cardioplegia (CCP) that differs from other extracellular cardioplegic solutions because of its low sodium and potassium content that induce the diastolic …

Is the heart stopped during valve replacement?

To do the valve repair or replacement, your doctor must stop your heart. He or she will put tubes into the heart so that the blood can be pumped through your body by a heart-lung bypass machine while your heart is stopped.

What is the mechanism of action of cardioplegia solution?

The mechanism of action, characteristics and components, dosage and administration, and adverse effects of cardioplegia solution are described. The pharmacist’s role in the formulation, preparation, and quality control of cardioplegia solution is also discussed. The use of cardioplegia solution has …

How is the pH of cardioplegia solution adjusted?

The pH must be adjusted with 10 mL of Sodium Bicarbonate 8.4% w/v Injection and the solution cooled to 4°C before use. Following institution of cardiopulmonary bypass at perfusate temperature of 28°C to 30°C, and after cross-clamping of the ascending aorta, the pH adjusted solution is administered by rapid infusion into the aortic root.

How are cardioplegic solutions used to suppress mechanical contraction?

All cells have an electrical gradient or potential difference across their membranes and cardioplegic solutions act by altering the electrical gradient across the cell membrane of myocytes, with the goal of suppressing electrical activity and consequently mechanical contraction.

How is cardioplegia used in open heart surgery?

Cardioplegia “A” Solution is used, by your surgeon, during Open-Heart surgery by pouring the solution through your heart. The volume of Cardioplegia “A” Solution used is dependent on your weight, height and body surface area. It is also dependent on the duration of the surgery and type of Open-Heart surgery.